These symptoms are also related to flattened affect, social withdrawal and chronicity ( Bodlakova et al., 1974). They make overly simplistic interpretations of state of mind of others, or ignore completely the other’s state of mind ( Montag et al., 2011). This characterization is supported by data showing that schizophrenic patients tend to describe the physical appearance of peoples’ photographs rather than their state of mind ( Pilowsky and Bassett, 1980 Allen, 1984). Others have described a lack of ToM ( Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2007) errors of literal interpretations of mental states or overly simplistic inferences ( Frith, 2004 Montag et al., 2011, 2012). 114), flattened affect, and social withdrawal ( Bodlakova et al., 1974). Schizophrenic patients with negative symptoms are noted for poverty of content, unawareness of intentions (p. Schizophrenia and Theory of Mindįrith (1992) postulated that that deficits in meta representation are at the origin of all cognitive aspects of schizophrenic symptomatology (p. As such, the concept is an essential tool that allows researchers and clinicians to better understand normality, autism spectrum as well as other pathologies in which social dysfunction is an important symptom, notably schizophrenia. Not only does this construct describe a complex behavior but it also furnished new substance for the study of normal development (see Wimmer and Perner, 1983 Frith and Frith, 2003) and the neuroanatomic basis of this development (e.g., Saxe and Powell, 2006). This construct is both clinically and theoretically significant as it furnishes a basis for the explanation of autistic semiology ( Baron-Cohen et al., 1985) as well as other clinical populations such as Asperger’s syndrome ( Happé et al., 1996) and dementia ( Gregory et al., 2002). Theory of mind (ToM) is that cognitive function that allows an individual to attribute information, beliefs, intentions, or feelings to others, in order to explain and eventually predict their behavior. Further analyses revealed that incorrect attributions of mental states including the attribution of threatening intentions to others, non-interpretative responses and incomplete answers, depending on the test of ToM. The deficits related to the attribution of cognitive and affective states to others inferred from available verbal and non-verbal information. Further analyses hint at two dimensions although a single factor with the same variance and the same contributing weights in both groups could explain the results. The results confirmed that there was little difference in specificity of three of the tests in distinguishing between the clinical and non-clinical group, but there were important differences in the shared variance between the tests. Given the differences in clinical samples and results between studies, and considering the wide range of what is considered to constitute ToM, one must ask if there a core function, or is ToM multifaceted with dissociable facets? If, there are dissociable dimensions or facets, which are affected in patients with paranoid schizophrenia? To answer these questions, a group of 21 individuals diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and 29 non-clinical control subjects, were tested on a battery of five different measures of ToM. Social cognitive psychologists ( Frith, 1992 Hardy-Baylé et al., 2003) sought to explain the social problems and clarify the clinical picture of schizophrenia by proposing a model that relates many of the symptoms to a problem of metarepresentation, i.e., theory of mind (ToM). 4Centre de Recherche Fernand Séguin de l’Hôpital Louis-H.3Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies, Montréal, QC, Canada.2Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.1Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.Peter Scherzer 1,2* Edith Leveillé 1 André Achim 1,2 Emilie Boisseau 3 Emmanuel Stip 4
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